Articles Common Phrases with a Nautical Origin

In this article, we uncover the fascinating expressions with nautical origins, uncovering their meanings and the stories of the brave mariners who inspired them. From maritime ingenuity to the challenges of life at sea, these idioms offer a glimpse into a world that continues to shape our language and culture.

A warning or threat delivered to make one’s intentions clear, this phrase has its roots in 18th-century naval protocol. Warships would fire a cannon shot across an approaching vessel’s bow to demand identification. If the ship raised enemy colors, an attack could follow. This maritime practice stemmed from a time when ships often sailed under false or neutral flags to disguise their true allegiances.

Originally used to describe anything visible on or above a ship’s deck, “above board” has evolved to mean something open and honest. On a ship, anything “above board” was in plain sight, leaving no room for deceit—a standard sailors depended on for survival.

A phrase of resignation, this expression emerged in the early 19th century among American sailors. It referred to their daily grind: enduring long hours and harsh conditions for the meager reward of a single dollar per day. Much like today, it symbolizes the repetitive toil of work, with little to show for it.

When danger loomed and storms threatened the safety of both ship and crew, captains would make for the nearest harbor, even if it wasn’t part of the planned route. This pragmatic decision gave rise to the proverb, now used to signify that in difficult circumstances, any solution—however imperfect—is better than none.

Navigational accuracy was a matter of survival for sailors in coastal waters. To find land, they would release a caged crow, which would instinctively fly in a straight line toward the nearest shore. The term “as the crow flies” endures, describing the most direct path between two points. The highest lookout point on a ship, the “crow’s nest,” also owes its name to this avian guide.

Speed at sea was historically measured using a log line—a rope with knots tied at fixed intervals, attached to a float. As the rope played out, sailors would count the knots over a set time to calculate the ship’s speed. Today, the term “at a rate of knots” means moving quickly, whether on land, at sea, or even in the air, as knots remain a standard unit for measuring velocity.

A loggerhead was a long-handled iron tool, heated to seal deck seams with pitch. However, it occasionally found another use during onboard disputes, serving as a makeshift weapon among quarreling sailors. “At loggerheads” now describes intense arguments or standoffs, echoing the heated confrontations of the past.

This naval phrase, originating in the British Royal Navy, is more than a simple “yes.” It acknowledges an order and confirms the intent to follow it. The repetition ensures clarity amid the noise and chaos of shipboard life, while maintaining respect and discipline. Used widely in the U.S. Marines as “Aye, aye, Sir!,” it underscores the importance of clear communication in a structured chain of command.

To "batten down the hatches" is to prepare for a storm or other difficult situation. This phrase originated from the practice of securing a ship’s hatches with a cover edged with wooden strips, known as battens to keep water from entering the ship during rough seas.

In old sailing jargon, “the devil” referred to the narrow seam between the planks of a ship’s hull, notoriously difficult to access for repairs. Sailors tasked with caulking this seam often had to hang precariously over the ship’s side, caught between “the devil” and the unknown dangers of the open sea below. The phrase now describes being trapped in a predicament with no ideal solution and remains widely used, even lending its name to a George Harrison song.

A cheerful toast today, this phrase has darker origins. During an era when unsuspecting men were tricked into naval service, recruiters would slip a coin into the bottom of a beer glass. If the drinker accepted the beer—and the coin—they were deemed to have “accepted payment” and were forcibly pressed into the Royal Navy. “Bottoms up” became a way to check for coins before drinking, a habit that lingers as a social tradition.

Derived from the maritime practice of using buoys to lift an anchor cable and prevent it from chafing on rough seabeds, this term reflects support and encouragement. Just as a buoy raises and protects, the phrase suggests being uplifted or sustained in challenging situations.

"By and large" is used to mean "in general" or "on the whole." This phrase comes from nautical terminology where it is used to describe the two points of sailing; "by the wind" and "large." To sail "by the wind" is to sail as close to the wind as possible, while to sail "large" is to sail as far from the wind as possible.

Used to describe something crammed to capacity, this term comes from the rigging of sailing ships. When two blocks of tackle were pulled so tightly together that they could not be tightened further, they were said to be “chock-a-block.” The phrase is still used to describe anything that’s filled to the brim or overloaded.

Onboard a ship, the watchkeeper used a slate tablet to record the vessel’s speeds, headings, and other important details during their shift. At the end of a trouble-free watch, the slate was wiped clean, ready for the next crew. Today, “starting with a clean slate” means beginning anew without baggage from the past.

The British Navy revolutionized sailing performance in 1761 by plating the HMS Alarm, a 32-gun frigate, with copper to protect its wooden hull. This innovation prevented barnacles and marine growth from slowing the ship and safeguarded the wood from destructive shipworms. By 1782, the practice had been adopted on a grand scale, with 82 British capital ships, 115 frigates, and 102 smaller vessels “copper-bottomed.”

Today, the term refers to something that is reliable, durable, and built to withstand the test of time, much like these copper-clad naval vessels that once dominated the seas.

This phrase, synonymous with coffee, likely originated in the U.S. Navy. In 1914, Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels banned alcohol on naval vessels, replacing rum and beer rations with coffee. Sailors, unimpressed with the substitution, nicknamed it a “cup of Josephus,” later shortened to “cup of Joe.” Whether fact or legend, the phrase endures as a tribute to the American sailor’s caffeinated mornings.

To "cut and run" means to make a hasty retreat or to abandon something quickly. In nautical terms, "cutting and running" referred to the practice of cutting the anchor chain / rope and setting sail in a hurry, usually to escape a dangerous situation.

The "cut of your jib" refers to a person's appearance, style, or personality. In nautical terms, the jib is a triangular sail located at the front of a ship, and the way it's cut was a simple indicator sailors used to identify the type of ship, and its capabilities. So, in reference to a person, the "cut of their jib" is a way of saying that one can tell something about a person by their appearance, style, or mannerisms.

Originally referring to a ship stranded without wind on still waters, this phrase described a vessel unable to sail or move. Today, it conveys the idea of something with no chance of progress or success, whether it’s a plan, proposal, or project.

Still a vital navigation method for sailors today, dead reckoning relies on estimating a ship’s position based on previous positions, speed, and direction. Before modern technology, sailors used this technique to chart their course, adjusting for wind and current. Though less common now, the phrase remains tied to calculated risk and estimation.

This phrase originated in the 1800s to describe the calm, windless waters near the equator, a region known as the doldrums. Found between the trade winds, this area often left ships stranded for weeks, unable to move. Sailors, stuck in the stifling heat and monotony, began to associate the doldrums with feelings of stagnation and low spirits. Today, the term captures that sense of being stuck or unmotivated, whether mentally or physically.

Originally a rough woven cloth bag used by sailors to carry their belongings, the name "duffle" comes from the Belgian town of Duffel near Antwerp, where the cloth was originally made.

A ship on an even keel is level and balanced, with its keel perpendicular to the water’s surface—critical for safe and stable navigation. Over time, the phrase has taken on a figurative meaning, describing a calm and steady state of mind.

Originally two distinct nautical blessings, this phrase has become a heartfelt wish for smooth sailing and good fortune. “Fair winds” refers to favorable breezes aiding a ship’s journey, while “following seas” describes waves that push the vessel in the desired direction. Together, they convey hope for a safe and pleasant passage, whether across oceans or through life’s challenges.

To "fathom out" something is to understand or figure it out. A fathom is a unit of measurement equal to six feet, used for measuring the depth of water. So, "fathoming out" something means to measure or understand it fully.

This term for excellence originated from the 16th-century British Navy, where ships were classified by the number of heavy guns they carried. The largest, with 100 or more guns, were deemed First Rate and served as the backbone of the fleet. Smaller ships, like frigates, were ranked from second to sixth rates. Over time, “first rate” became synonymous with top quality or superior performance.

To “flake out” derives from the practice of laying an anchor chain flat on deck to inspect it for wear. While the nautical origin referred to orderly preparation, the phrase now describes exhaustion—falling asleep or becoming completely worn out.

These maritime terms originally referred to goods lost at sea. “Flotsam” described items accidentally lost from a wrecked ship, while “jetsam” referred to goods deliberately thrown overboard to stabilize a vessel. Today, the term “flotsam and jetsam” describes things of little value, often scattered or discarded.

The bottom edge of a sail is called the “foot.” If it’s not securely fastened, it flaps freely in the wind, hence the term “footloose.” This nautical phrase has evolved to signify freedom or a lack of constraints.

In maritime terms, anything that went overboard or was seen floating past the ship (by the board) was considered irretrievably lost. Today, it refers to something abandoned or discarded altogether.

In 1740, Admiral Vernon, nicknamed “Old Grogram” for his grogram cloak, diluted sailors’ rum rations with water to curb overindulgence. The diluted mixture was called “grog,” and sailors who drank too much became “groggy.” The term now describes anyone feeling dazed or sluggish.

Originally referring to large ocean waves caused by underwater disturbances, the term “groundswell” now describes a growing surge of public opinion or momentum, whether in social movements or business trends.

Once referring to the rapid action of pulling ropes on a ship, “hand over fist” has evolved to mean achieving something quickly and efficiently—most often making money at a fast pace.

In seafaring, a vessel described as “hard and fast” was stuck on land, unable to move. The phrase now conveys certainty or unwavering rules, signifying something definite and unchangeable.

This expression has its roots in “hard over,” a term used to describe turning the ship’s helm as far as it could go. Sailors extended the phrase to “hard up in a clinch and no knife to cut the seizing,” a grim description of being in a bind with no way out. Today, “hard up” means being in a state of need or desperation, often financially.

Headwinds, or winds blowing against a ship’s forward progress, have always been a sailor’s bane, slowing journeys and requiring constant adjustments. The term is now used metaphorically to describe resistance or opposition, such as “economic headwinds” challenging business plans.

When a ship ran aground as the tide receded, it was left “high and dry,” stranded until the water returned. This phrase has come to mean being stuck or abandoned, often in an embarrassing or inconvenient way, like being left with the bill at a restaurant while others slip away.

"In the offing" means in the near future or in sight. This term originates from a maritime background where a ship that was visible in the distance but not yet close enough to make out its details was referred to as “in the offing”.

To "keel over" means to collapse or tip over. The keel of a ship is a long beam running along the bottom of the ship that provides stability. If a ship were to "keel over," it would tip over on its side, often as a result of running aground.

To "know the ropes'' means to be familiar with and understand the details of a particular subject or task. Of course, ropes were used for various purposes such as hoisting and controlling sails, steering the ship, and anchoring. Knowing how to handle these ropes effectively was crucial for sailors, hence the phrase "knowing the ropes" came to mean being well-versed in a particular subject or task.

A “leading light” originally referred to a guiding beacon placed along shorelines to help ships safely navigate narrow channels and avoid unseen dangers such as rocks. Positioned lower than the main lighthouse, these oil-powered lights illuminated harbors and tricky passages at night, ensuring vessels could dock without incident.

Figuratively, the phrase now describes a respected and influential individual in any field—someone who provides direction and inspiration, much like those guiding lights of old.

Leeway refers to the sideways drift of a ship caused by the wind, with the “lee” side being the sheltered side. Without enough leeway, a vessel risks being driven onto a lee shore, a dangerous situation for sailors. Figuratively, the term now means having room to maneuver or the flexibility to make decisions.

This phrase has two possible origins. In the Royal Navy, the “cat” was a whip known as the cat o’ nine tails, used for punishments. When the Bosun’s Mate brought it out of its bag, it meant bad news was coming. Alternatively, the phrase may come from an old English scam in which a buyer expecting a pig in a bag was tricked with a cat instead. Today, “letting the cat out of the bag” means revealing a secret or surprise.

A "loose cannon" refers to a dangerous or unpredictable person or thing that is out of control. In nautical terms; a loose cannon would be a large gun (cannon) mounted on a ship's deck that has come loose from its moorings, rolling around the deck, and posing a danger to the crew and the ship itself.

In the rigging of any sailing yacht but particularly the tall ships of old, the mainstay was a vital rope running from the maintop to the foot of the foremast, providing essential support to the mast and the ship’s structure. Without it, the vessel’s stability was compromised. Today, “mainstay” describes something or someone that serves as a foundational or indispensable element in a system or organization.

"No room to swing a cat" means that there is very little space. This phrase is thought to have originated from the punishment of flogging, which was done on board ships. The "cat" referred to a whip made of nine knotted ropes and was swung over the heads of sailors to discipline them. Below the deck of a cramped ship, there would be no room to swing the cat, hence the phrase.

Punishment aboard a ship often involved flogging, and the condemned sailor was frequently tied over the barrel of a deck cannon, to a grating, or to the mast. The phrase now describes a situation where someone is at a disadvantage or entirely at another’s mercy.

This nautical term describes a ship sailing directly downwind at another vessel, stealing or diverting the wind from its sails. Figuratively, it has come to describe someone domineering or aggressively imposing their will on others.

To prevent buntline ropes from chafing the sails, sailors would climb aloft to haul the ropes over the sails—a process known as overhauling. The term now means to thoroughly examine or repair something, ensuring it’s in proper working order.

A ship that held its tack course for too long would miss its turning point, increasing the distance required to reach the next tack. This miscalculation, called overreaching, is now used figuratively to describe someone who exceeds their limits or ambitions, often to their detriment.

Derived from Old English, “overwhelm” originally meant to capsize or founder a ship. Today, it refers to being overcome, whether by emotion, tasks, or circumstances.

The term originates from the Bosun’s pipe, a high-pitched whistle used by the ship’s officer to issue orders to the crew. Different sound patterns signaled specific instructions, and “Pipe Down” was the final order of the day, directing off-duty crew to stop talking, settle down, or head to bed. Today, the phrase retains its original meaning, used to tell someone to be quiet or calm down.

"Plain sailing" means that something is easy and straightforward. This phrase comes from the nautical practice of sailing on open water with little wind or obstacles, making for an easy and uneventful journey.

There might seem to be little more to say about this phrase, but the term “plane sailing” adds another layer of complexity. Simplifying navigation by assuming the surface of the ocean is flat makes calculations and distance measurements significantly easier than the more precise method of "Mercator's sailing" that accounts for the Earth's curvature.

This term is thought to be an acronym for “Port Out, Starboard Home,” referring to the most desirable cabins on ships traveling between Britain and India during the colonial era. These cabins, located on the port side on the outward journey and the starboard side on the return, were shaded from the sun’s intense heat—a crucial feature in the days before air conditioning. Reserved for wealthier passengers, these accommodations gave rise to the modern use of “posh”.

To "push the boat out" means to go all out, or to throw a big party. This phrase comes from the nautical tradition of sailors throwing a rowdy “push the boat out party” before setting sail on a long voyage.

This term, now synonymous with sales of second-hand items for charity or special events, originates from the French word arrimage, meaning ship’s cargo. In maritime history, damaged or excess cargo was sold off in what became known as a rummage sale.

In sailing, this term refers to steering a vessel as close as possible to the direction the wind is blowing from, a technique requiring precision to avoid stalling in “irons.” While this allowed ships to move quickly, it left little room for error. Figuratively, the phrase now means engaging in risky behavior or actions that verge on being improper or illegal.

Being in "ship-shape" or "Bristol fashion" means being in good order or neat and tidy. This phrase comes from Bristol, a port city in south west England with the second largest tidal range in the world. As the tide dropped ships would often run aground, “keel over”, and if not properly stowed, their cargo would be ruined. As a result, well-maintained ships with properly stored goods were known to be in ship shape and Bristol fashion.

This phrase refers to revealing one’s true character, often in a negative light. Its origins lie in naval warfare, where ships would hoist their national flags before engaging in battle. To deceive enemies, some ships raised false flags, a tactic particularly common among Spanish ships in the 17th century. Once the deception was over, they would “show their true colors.” This practice also introduced the word “bamboozle” into the language.

Originally a nautical term, a “skyscraper” referred to a small triangular sail set above the skysail on tall ships to catch light winds. The term eventually entered common usage to describe the towering buildings found around the world today.

Meaning “to leave” or “move away,” this phrase’s nautical origins are debated. Some believe it refers to pulling up a ship’s anchor—a hook—before setting sail. Whether or not its roots are maritime, the term has endured as a casual way of telling someone to clear off.

On old sailing ships, cooks collected a greasy substance called “slush” from boiling or scraping salted meat barrels. This leftover fat was often sold ashore, with the profits kept by the cook or shared with the crew. These extra earnings became known as a “slush fund,” a term now used for money reserved for discretionary or secretive purposes.

When ships were in port and crew members were restricted onboard for extended periods, women—wives or otherwise—were often allowed to live aboard. Occasionally, children were born on the gun deck, a convenient location between the cannons. If the father’s identity was unknown, the child was recorded in the ship’s log as a “son of a gun.”

On square-rigged ships, “squared away” referred to positioning the yards (horizontal bars holding the sails) at right angles to the deck, allowing the ship to catch the wind efficiently and sail smoothly. Today, the term means organizing things neatly or preparing for action.

To "swing the lead" means to feign ignorance or avoid doing something. This phrase comes from the practice of using a lead weight on a line to determine the depth of water. A sailor who was "swinging the lead" would be pretending to take soundings when they were actually avoiding doing their duties.

To be "taken aback" means to be so surprised or shocked by something, one physically takes a step back. This phrase comes from the nautical term " aback," which refers to the position of a sail when the wind is blowing against it. If a sail is taken aback, it means that the wind has suddenly shifted direction, blowing the sails flat against the masts and spars that support them.

In sailing, one ship could slow another by maneuvering to intercept and divert wind from its sails. This tactic left the rival vessel without propulsion, reducing its speed and momentum. Figuratively, the phrase means to demotivate someone or undermine their initiative, much like the frustration caused by a becalmed ship.

The "bitter end" refers to doing something to the very end or until it is finished no matter what. In nautical terms, the bitter end is the last part of a rope (usually the anchor rope) that is still attached to a ship. A bitt is a tying post fixed to the deck of a ship, and when a rope is let out to the very end tied to a bitt, it means there is no rope left.

 

This phrase originated from the arduous task of sealing, or “paying,” the seams of a ship with oakum (rope fibers) and hot tar to make them watertight. The “devil” referred to the longest seam in the ship’s hull, often located below the waterline or where curved and straight planking met—one of the most challenging and dreaded jobs aboard a ship. Over time, “the devil to pay” came to describe facing a particularly difficult or unpleasant task or situation.

To be "three sheets to the wind" means to be drunk. This phrase comes from the nautical practice of using sheets (a type of rope), to control a sail. If a sailor let the sheets get loose or tangled, the sail would flap wildly and the ship would wallow and lurch around, similar to a drunken sailor.

To "tide over" means to get through a difficult period or to survive until something better comes along. This phrase comes from the nautical practice of riding out a tide, or the rise and fall of sea levels, in a safe place until it's safe to set sail again.

Sailors lining up for inspection or roll call would stand with their toes aligned along a seam in the deck planking, ensuring straight and orderly rows. Today, “toeing the line” means adhering strictly to rules, standards, or expectations.

This phrase referred to a ship’s keel briefly touching the seabed before floating free again, a precarious but recoverable situation. It now describes any risky or uncertain moment where success or failure hangs in the balance.

To "turn a blind eye" means to ignore or pretend not to see something. This phrase comes from the story of British Admiral Horatio Nelson during the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801, where he reportedly pretended not to see a flagship's signal to retreat by putting his glass eye to his telescope.

This phrase, now used to describe feeling ill or unwell, originates from the challenging conditions aboard early naval vessels. Sailors assigned to the “weather” side of the bow—exposed to waves, wind, and the ship’s constant pitching—often finished their watch drenched and exhausted. These sailors were said to be “under the weather.”

Originally, a “windfall” referred to an unexpected gust of wind from a mountainous shore that gave a ship additional leeway, often aiding its journey. The term now describes any sudden, unexpected piece of good fortune or gain.